I am looking for the Hadith that talk about the Ummat passing several phases, like Naboowat, Khilaafat, Monarchy, Slavery, and then finally Khilaafat.

We have managed to trace the following Hadith only:

Sayyiduna Safeena (Radhiallaahu Anhu) reports that Rasulullah (Sallallaahu
Alayhi Wasallam) said, 'The Khilaafat will last for 30 years, and all of
them will be kings. The kings and Khalifahs will all add up to 12 (in this
30 year period)' (Sahih ibn Hoibban vol.15 pg.35)

and Allah Ta'ala Knows Best

Moulana Muhammad ibn Moulana Haroon Abbassommar
FACULTY OF SPECIALTY IN HADITH

CHECKED AND APPROVED: Mufti Ebrahim Desai